Part of speech
Definition part of speech
ü Part of word or part of sentences (remember, basically sentences is a sentence in a language thatis spoken, not written) because of these word is a system that is required to form a sentences, regardless of what the duties or function assigned torespectively. So, those word are “basic ingredients” in a “building” the sentence, not a “function” words in the sentence.(wikipidia)
ü One of a group of traditional classifications of words according to their functions in context, including the noun, pronoun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, conjunction, and interjection, and sometimes the article. A word considered as a part of speech.
ü (Linguistics / Grammar) a class of words sharing important syntactic or semantic features; a group of words in a language that may occur in similar positions or fulfil similar functions in a sentence. The chief parts of speech in English are noun, pronoun, adjective, determiner, adverb, verb, preposition, conjunction, and interjection Abbreviation POS (Heather MacFadyen)
So,the conclusion of part of speech is:
Part of speech adalah tipe dasar yang dimiliki bahasa inggris, kebanyakan buku tatabahasa menyebutkan ke delapan jenenis kata itu: kata benda, kata kerja, kata sifat, kata keterangan, kata ganti, kata sambung, kata depan, dan kata seru.
“Parts of speech” are the basic types of words that English has. Most grammar books say that there are eight parts of speech: nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, conjunctions, prepositions and interjections.
There are classified more detail about part of speech:
1. Noun
a) The meaning of noun.
Katabenda adalah kata yang digunakan untuk nama orang, binatang, tempat, benda, dan gagasan abstark,
A noun is a word used to name a person, animal, place, thing, and abstract idea.The highlighted words in the following sentences are all nouns:
Late last year our neighbours bought a goat.
Portia White was an opera singer.
The bus inspector looked at all the passengers' passes.
According to Plutarch, the library at Alexandria was destroyed in 48 B.C.
b) According of noun :
Many grammarians have developed a whole series of noun types, including the proper noun, the common noun, the concrete noun, the abstract noun, the countable noun (also called the count noun), the non-countable noun (also called the mass noun), and the collective noun.
1). According to type
You always write a proper noun with a capital letter, since the noun represents the name of a specific person, place, or thing. The names of days of the week, months, historical documents, institutions, organisations, religions, their holy texts and their adherents are proper nouns. A proper noun is the opposite of a common noun
the following sentences, the proper nouns are highlighted:
Many people dread Monday mornings.
Beltane is celebrated on the first of May.
a.plural
Refers to more than one person, place, thing or idea. Ex: cats, dogs
b.singular
Refers to ONE person, place, thing, or idea. Ex: cat, dog
2. Common noun
A common noun is a noun referring to a person, place, or thing in a general sense -- usually, you should write it with a capital letter only when it begins a sentence. A common noun is the opposite of a proper noun.
the following sentences, the common nouns arehighlighted:
All the gardens in the neighbourhood were invaded by beetlesthis summer.
The road crew was startled by the sight of three large moosecrossing the road.
Many child-care workers are underpaid.
Sometimes you will make proper nouns out of common nouns, as in the following examples:
The meals in the Bouncing Bean Restaurant are less expensive than meals in ordinary restaurants.
Collective Nouns
A collective noun is a noun naming a group of things, animals, or persons. You could count the individual members of the group, but you usually think of the group as a whole is generally as one unit. You need to be able to recognise collective nouns in order to maintain subject-verb agreement. A collective noun is similar to a non-countable noun, and is roughly the opposite of a countable noun.
the following sentences, the highlighted word is a collective noun:
The flock of geese spends most of its time in the pasture.
The collective noun "flock" takes the singular verb "spends."
The jury is dining on take-out chicken tonight.
The steering committee meets every Wednesday afternoon.
Here the collective noun "committee" takes a singular verb, "meets."
3. According to numerical
A countable noun (or count noun) is a noun with both a singular and a plural form, and it names anything (or anyone) that you can count. You can make a countable noun plural and attach it to a plural verb in a sentence. Countable nouns are the opposite of non-countable nouns and collective nouns.
the following sentences, the highlighted words are countable nouns:
We painted the table red and the chairs blue.
Since he inherited his aunt's library, Jerome spends everyweekend indexing his books.
Miriam found six silver dollars in the toe of a sock.
The oak tree lost three branches in the hurricane.
A un-countable noun (or mass noun) is a noun which does not have a plural form, and which refers to something that you could (or would) not usually count. A non-countable noun always takes a singular verb in a sentence. Non-countable nouns are similar to collective nouns, and are the opposite of countable nouns.
the following sentences are non-countable nouns:
Joseph Priestly discovered oxygen.
The word "oxygen" cannot normally be made plural.
Oxygen is essential to human life.
Since "oxygen" is a non-countable noun, it takes the singular verb "is" rather than theplural verb "are."
We decided to sell the furniture rather than take it with us when we moved.
You cannot make the noun "furniture" plural.
4. According to characteristic
A concrete noun is a noun which names anything (or anyone) that you can perceive through your physical senses: touch, sight, taste, hearing, or smell. A concrete noun is the opposite of a abstract noun.
the following sentences are all concrete nouns:
The judge handed the files to the clerk.
Whenever they take the dog to the beach, it spends hours chasing waves.
The book binder replaced the flimsy paper cover with a sturdy, cloth-covered board.
An abstract noun is a noun which names anything which you can notperceive through your five physical senses, and is the opposite of a concrete noun.
the following sentences are all abstract nouns:
Buying the fire extinguisher was an afterthought.
Tillie is amused by people who are nostalgic about childhood.
Justice often seems to slip out of our grasp.
2. Verb
A verb is a word which implies action or the doing of something, or it may be defined as a word which affirms, commands or asks a question. The simple form of the verb without inflection is called the root of the verb; e. g. love is the root of the verb "To Love."
Type and definition of verb:
1. Definition and examples of regular verbs:
A verb is said to be regular when it forms the past tense by adding “ed” to the present or”d” if the verbends in”e”.
2. Definition and examples of irregular verbs:
A verb is said to be irregular when its past tense does not end in 'ed'
3. Definition and example of transitive verbs:
A transitive verb is one the action of which passes over to or affects some object: as “I struck the table”. Here the action of striking affected the object table, hence struck is a transitive verb.
4. Definition and example of intransitive verbs:
An intransitive verbs is one in which the action remains with the subject: as “ I walk”.”I sit”, or “I run”. Many intransitive verbs, however, can be used transitively; “I walk the horse;”walk is here transitive.
Verbs often accompanied by:
1. Auxiliary verb
Auxiliary verbs "help" other verbs show tense, mood, or voice. In the section Verb Tenses and Forms, you can see how auxiliary or helping verbs determine the tense of verb forms and how the verb, as a whole, reveals the time or relative time of the action. Auxiliary verbs also work with verbs to show mood (indicative, imperative, or subjunctive) and to show voice (active or passive)
· The Auxiliary Verb "DO"
You have already seen some of the work that "to be" and "to have" auxiliary verbs can do. Another auxiliary verb is the verb "do"; this auxiliary "helps" the writer form questions or interrogatives, establish negative verbs, and create emphasis.
You have already seen some of the work that "to be" and "to have" auxiliary verbs can do. Another auxiliary verb is the verb "do"; this auxiliary "helps" the writer form questions or interrogatives, establish negative verbs, and create emphasis.
Examples:
I did complete the assignment on time. (Emphatic)
Do you want to come to the theatre? (Interrogative)
She does not understand the question. (Negative)
2. Modal Auxiliaries
We also include among the kinds of auxiliary verbs, those auxiliary verbs which we call modal auxiliaries. These helping verbs come before the main verb and express probability, obligation, ability, or necessity.
Nine modal auxiliaries or "modals" are available: must, might, may, shall, should, can, could, will, and would.
Examples:
She should forgive his rude behaviour. (Obligation)
They may be in trouble for saying such things. (Probability)
Alexander can clean up after the guests. (Ability)
We must not leave the cake out in the rain. (Necessity)
3. Adjective
An adjective modifies a noun or a pronoun by describing, identifying, or quantifying words. An adjective usually precedes the noun or the pronoun which it modifies.
the following examples, the highlighted words are adjectives:
The truck-shaped balloon floated over the treetops.
Mrs. Morrison papered her kitchen walls with hideous wall paper.
The small boat foundered on the wine dark sea.
While it may be easier to identify the parts of speech when we are faced with only a few words (as in the examples above), most reading and writing involves full sentences. Consider the following sentences containing particular types of nouns and their accompanying adjectives:
· A subject:
· The volatile Bobby Knight has been accused of choking a player.
· A direct object:
· Tom threw the slimy ball for his dog, Rover.
· An indirect object:
· After the last out, David Justice tossed the excited child the game ball.
· A gerund
· Cecilia enjoys distance running.
· A predicate nominative:
DEGREES OF ADJECTIVES/ADJECTIVE COMPARISON
Adjectives are used to indicate levels, degrees of intensity or comparison.
1. high ____ base
2. higher ____ comparative
3. highest ____ superlative
Types of Adjectives
1. LIMITING ADJECTIVE:
These types of adjectives specify or limit the noun.
An adjective that limits a noun; they include definite articles, indefinite articles, possessive adjectives, demonstrative adjectives, indefinite adjectives, interrogative adjectives, cardinal adjectives, ordinal adjectives, proper adjectives and nouns used as adjectives.
[In the following examples, the adjective is bold and the noun is underlined.]
The two teams have met every season since 1932.
· TWO tells us how many TEAMS and EVERY tells us how many SEASONS.
· Note: It does not describe the teams; it tells us which ones to limit our attention to.
2. VERBALS AS ADJECTIVES:
Two types of verbals can acts as adjectives. Participles are always adjectives and may end in EN, ED or ING. Infinitives (TO+VERB) may act as adjectives, adverbs or nouns.
3. PREDICATE ADJECTIVE:
This is a special type of adjective that follows a linking verb and modifies (directly refers to) the subject of the sentence.
[In the following examples, the predicate adjective is bold and the subject/noun is underlined.]
· People are interested in this game.
ARE is a linking verb connecting the subject PEOPLE with its descriptor of equal weight INTERESTED.
Note: The descriptor is an adjective; therefore, it is a predicate adjective. A noun would be a predicate nominative.
· Watching the championship was fun.
WAS is a linking verb connecting the subject WATCHING with its descriptor of equal weight FUN.
Note: WATCHING is the form of a verb used as a noun—a gerund
4. Adverb
An adverb can modify a verb, an adjective, another adverb, a phrase, or a clause. An adverb indicates manner, time, place, cause, or degree and answers questions such as "how," "when," "where," "how much".
While some adverbs can be identified by their characteristic "ly" suffix, most of them must be identified by untangling the grammatical relationships within the sentence or clause as a whole. Unlike an adjective, an adverb can be found in various places within the sentence.
the following examples, each of the highlighted words is an adverb:
The seamstress quickly made the mourning clothes.
In this sentence, the adverb "quickly" modifies the verb "made" and indicates in what manner (or how fast) the clothing was constructed.
The midwives waited patiently through a long labour.
Similarly in this sentence, the adverb "patiently" modifies the verb "waited" and describes the manner in which the midwives waited.
You can use a conjunctive adverb to join two clauses together. Some of the most common conjunctive adverbs are "also," "consequently," "finally," "furthermore," "hence," "however," "incidentally," "indeed," "instead," "likewise," "meanwhile," "nevertheless," "next," "nonetheless," "otherwise," "still," "then," "therefore," and "thus." A conjunctive adverb is not strong enough to join two independent clauses without the aid of a semicolon.
The highlighted words in the following sentences are conjunctive adverbs:
The government has cut university budgets; consequently, class sizes have been increased.
He did not have all the ingredients the recipe called for;therefore, he decided to make something else.
The report recommended several changes to the ways the corporation accounted for donations; furthermore, it suggested that a new auditor be appointed immediately.
5. Conjunction
as in the following example:
· I ate the pizza and the pasta.
· Call the movers when you are ready.
Type of conjunction:
You use a co-ordinating conjunction ("and," "but," "or," "nor," "for," "so," or "yet") to join individual words, phrases, and independent clauses. Note that you can also use the conjunctions "but" and "for" as prepositions.
Lilacs and violets are usually purple.
This movie is particularly interesting to feminist film theorists,for the screenplay was written by Mae West.
In this example, the co-ordinating conjunction "for" is used to link two independent clauses.
Daniel's uncle claimed that he spent most of his youth dancing on rooftops and swallowing goldfish.
Here the co-ordinating conjunction "and" links two participle phrases("dancing on rooftops" and "swallowing goldfish") which act as adverbsdescribing the verb "spends."
A subordinating conjunction introduces a dependent clause and indicates the nature of the relationship among the independent clause(s) and the dependent clause(s).
The most common subordinating conjunctions are "after," "although," "as," "because," "before," "how," "if," "once," "since," "than," "that," "though," "till," "until," "when," "where," "whether," and "while."
the following sentences is a subordinating conjunction:
After she had learned to drive, Alice felt more independent.
The subordinating conjunction "after" introduces the dependent clause "After she had learned to drive."
If the paperwork arrives on time, your cheque will be mailed on Tuesday.
Similarly, the subordinating conjunction "if" introduces the dependent clause "If the paperwork arrives on time."
Gerald had to begin his thesis over again when his computer crashed.
The subordinating conjunction "when" introduces the dependent clause "when his computer crashed."
Midwifery advocates argue that home births are safer becausethe mother and baby are exposed to fewer people and fewer germs.
Correlative conjunctions always appear in pairs -- you use them to link equivalent sentence elements. The most common correlative conjunctions are "both...and," "either...or," "neither...nor,", "not only...but also," "so...as," and "whether...or." (Technically correlative conjunctions consist simply of a co-ordinating conjunction linked to anadjective or adverb.)
the following sentences are correlative conjunctions:
Both my grandfather and my father worked in the steel plant.
In this sentence, the correlative conjunction "both...and" is used to link the two noun phrases that act as the compound subject of the sentence: "my grandfather" and "my father".
Bring either a Jello salad or a potato scallop.
Here the correlative conjunction "either...or" links two noun phrases: "a Jello salad" and "a potato scallop."
Corinne is trying to decide whether to go to medical school orto go to law school.
Similarly, the correlative conjunction "whether ... or" links the twoinfinitive phrases "to go to medical school" and "to go to law school."
The explosion destroyed not only the school but also the neighbouring pub.
In this example the correlative conjunction "not only ... but also" links the two noun phrases ("the school" and "neighbouring pub") which act as direct objects.
Note: some words which appear as conjunctions can also appear as prepositions or as adverbs.
6. Interjection
An interjection is a word added to a sentence to convey emotion. It is not grammatically related to any other part of the sentence.
You usually follow an interjection with an exclamation mark. Interjections are uncommon in formal academic prose, except in direct quotations.
The highlighted words in the following sentences are interjections:
Ouch, that hurt!
Oh no, I forgot that the exam was today.
Hey! Put that down
I don't know about you but, good lord, I think taxes are too high!
1. Subject and Predicate
Every complete sentence contains two parts: a subject and apredicate. The subject is what (or whom) the sentence is about, while the predicate tells something about the subject. In the following sentences, the predicate is enclosed in braces ({}), while the subject is highlighted.
Judy {runs}.
Judy and her dog {run on the beach every morning}.
To determine the subject of a sentence, first isolate the verb and then make a question by placing "who?" or "what?" before it -- the answer is the subject.
2. Unusual Sentences
Imperative sentences (sentences that give a command or an order) differ from conventional sentences in that their subject, which is always "you," is understood rather than expressed.
Stand on your head. ("You" is understood before "stand.")
Be careful with sentences that begin with "there" plus a form of the verb "to be." In such sentences, "there" is not the subject; it merely signals that the true subject will soon follow.
There were three stray kittens cowering under our porch steps this morning.
3. Simple Subject and Simple Predicate
Every subject is built around one noun or pronoun (or more) that, when stripped of all the words that modify it, is known as the simple subject. Consider the following example:
A piece of pepperoni pizza would satisfy his hunger.
The subject is built around the noun "piece," with the other words of the subject -- "a" and "of pepperoni pizza" -- modifying the noun. "Piece" is the simple subject.
Likewise, a predicate has at its centre a simple predicate, which is always the verb or verbs that link up with the subject. In the example we just considered, the simple predicate is "would satisfy" -- in other words, the verb of the sentence.
A sentence may have a compound subject -- a simple subject consisting of more than one noun or pronoun -- as in these examples:
Team pennants, rock posters and family photographs covered the boy's bedroom walls.
The second sentence above features a compound predicate, a predicate that includes more than one verb pertaining to the same subject (in this case, "walked" and "admired").
7. Pronoun
A pronoun can replace a noun or another pronoun. You use pronouns like "he," "which," "none," and "you" to make your sentences less cumbersome and less repetitive.
Grammarians classify pronouns into several types, including the personal pronoun, the demonstrative pronoun, the interrogative pronoun, the indefinite pronoun, the relative pronoun, the reflexive pronoun, and the intensive pronoun.
Ahli tata bahasa mengklasifikasikan kata ganti menjadi beberapa jenis, termasuk kata ganti pribadi, kata ganti demostratif, kata ganti introgatif, kata ganti tidak tentu, kata ganti penghubung, kata ganti reflaksif, dan kata ganti intensif.
A personal pronoun refers to a specific person or thing and changes its form to indicate person, number, gender, and case.
A subjective personal pronoun indicates that the pronoun is acting as the subject of the sentence. The subjective personal pronouns are "I," "you," "she," "he," "it," "we," "you," "they."
In the following sentences, each of the highlighted words is a subjective personal pronoun and acts as the subject of the sentence:
I was glad to find the bus pass in the bottom of the green knapsack.
You are surely the strangest child I have ever met.
He stole the selkie's skin and forced her to live with him.
When she was a young woman, she earned her living as a coal miner.
After many years, they returned to their homeland.
We will meet at the library at 3:30 p.m.
It is on the counter.
Are you the delegates from Malagawatch?
An objective personal pronoun indicates that the pronoun is acting as an object of a verb, compound verb, preposition, or infinitive phrase. The objective personal pronouns are: "me," "you," "her," "him," "it," "us," "you," and "them."
In the following sentences, each of the highlighted words is an objective personal pronoun:
Seamus stole the selkie's skin and forced her to live with him.
The objective personal pronoun "her" is the direct object of the verb "forced" and the objective personal pronoun "him" is the object of the preposition "with."
After reading the pamphlet, Judy threw it into the garbage can.
The pronoun "it" is the direct object of the verb "threw."
The agitated assistant stood up and faced the angry delegates and said, "Our leader will address you in five minutes."
In this sentence, the pronoun "you" is the direct object of the verb "address."
Deborah and Roberta will meet us at the newest café in the market.
Here the objective personal pronoun "us" is the direct object of the compound verb "will meet."
A possessive pronoun indicates that the pronoun is acting as a marker of possession and defines who owns a particular object or person. The possessive personal pronouns are "mine," "yours," "hers," "his," "its," "ours," and "theirs." Note that possessive personal pronouns are very similar to possessive adjectives like "my," "her," and "their."
In each of the following sentences, the highlighted word is a possessive personal pronoun:
The smallest gift is mine.
This is yours.
Here too the possessive pronoun "yours" functions as a subject complement.
His is on the kitchen counter.
In this example, the possessive pronoun "his" acts as the subject of the sentence.
A demonstrative pronoun points to and identifies a noun or a pronoun. "This" and "these" refer to things that are nearby either in space or in time, while "that" and "those" refer to things that are farther away in space or time.
The demonstrative pronouns are "this," "that," "these," and "those." "This" and "that" are used to refer to singular nouns or noun phrasesand "these" and "those" are used to refer to plural nouns and noun phrases. Note that the demonstrative pronouns are identical todemonstrative adjectives, though, obviously, you use them differently. It is also important to note that "that" can also be used as a relative pronoun.
In the following sentences, each of the highlighted words is a demonstrative pronoun:
This must not continue.
Here "this" is used as the subject of the compound verb "must not continue."
This is puny; that is the tree I want.
In this example "this" is used as subject and refers to something close to the speaker. The demonstrative pronoun "that" is also a subject but refers to something farther away from the speaker.
An interrogative pronoun is used to ask questions. The interrogative pronouns are "who," "whom," "which," "what" and the compounds formed with the suffix "ever" ("whoever," "whomever," "whichever," and "whatever"). Note that either "which" or "what" can also be used as an interrogative adjective, and that "who," "whom," or "which" can also be used as a relative pronoun. You will find "who," "whom," and occasionally "which" used to refer to people, and "which" and "what" used to refer to things and to animals. "Who" acts as the subject of a verb, while "whom" acts as the object of a verb, preposition, or a verbal.
The highlighted word in each of the following sentences is an interrogative pronoun:
Which wants to see the dentist first?
Who wrote the novel Rockbound?
Whom do you think we should invite?
To whom do you wish to speak?
Who will meet the delegates at the train station?
To whom did you give the paper?
What did she say?
You can use a relative pronoun is used to link one phrase or clauseto another phrase or clause. The relative pronouns are "who," "whom," "that," and "which." The compounds "whoever," "whomever," and "whichever" are also relative pronouns.
You can use the relative pronouns "who" and "whoever" to refer to the subject of a clause or sentence, and "whom" and "whomever" to refer to the objects of a verb, a verbal or a preposition.
In each of the following sentences, the highlighted word is a relative pronoun.
You may invite whomever you like to the party.
The relative pronoun "whomever" is the direct object of the compound verb "may invite."
The candidate who wins the greatest popular vote is not always elected.
In this sentence, the relative pronoun is the subject of the verb "wins" and introduces the subordinate clause "who wins the greatest popular vote." This subordinate clause acts as an adjective modifying "candidate."
An indefinite pronoun is a pronoun referring to an identifiable but not specified person or thing. An indefinite pronoun conveys the idea of all, any, none, or some.
The most common indefinite pronouns are "all," "another," "any," "anybody," "anyone," "anything," "each," "everybody," "everyone," "everything," "few," "many," "nobody," "none," "one," "several," "some," "somebody," and "someone." Note that some indefinite pronouns can also be used as indefinite adjectives.
The highlighted words in the following sentences are indefinite pronouns:
Many were invited to the lunch but only twelve showed up.
Here "many" acts as the subject of the compound verb "were invited."
The office had been searched and everything was thrown onto the floor.
In this example, "everything" acts as a subject of the compound verb "was thrown."
We donated everything we found in the attic to the woman's shelter garage sale.
In this sentence, "everything" is the direct object of theverb "donated."
Although they looked everywhere for extra copies of the magazine, they found none.
7.Reflexive Pronouns
The reflexive pronouns are "myself," "yourself," "herself," "himself," "itself," "ourselves," "yourselves," and "themselves." Note each of these can also act as an intensive pronoun.
Each of the highlighted words in the following sentences is a reflexive pronoun:
Diabetics give themselves insulin shots several times a day.
The Dean often does the photocopying herself so that the secretaries can do more important work.
After the party, I asked myself why I had faxed invitations to everyone in my office building.
An intensive pronoun is a pronoun used to emphasise its antecedent. Intensive pronouns are identical in form to reflexive pronouns.
The highlighted words in the following sentences are intensive pronouns:
I myself believe that aliens should abduct my sister.
The Prime Minister himself said that he would lower taxes.
They themselves promised to come to the party even though they had a final exam at the same time.
8.preposition
Definition: Prepositions are a class of words that indicate relationships between nouns, pronouns and other words in a sentence. Most often they come before a noun. They never change their form, regardless of the case, gender etc. of the word they are referring to.
Some common prepositions are:Above, along, behind, beside, down, during, except, in, on, with, etc.
Some common prepositions are:Above, along, behind, beside, down, during, except, in, on, with, etc.
Prepositions typically come before a noun: For example: after class, at home, before Tuesday, in London, on fire, with pleasure.
In each of the preceding sentences, a preposition locates the noun "book" in space or in time. Prepositions are classified as simple or compound.
o Simple prepositions
Simple prepositions are single word prepositions. These are all showed above.
Simple prepositions are single word prepositions. These are all showed above.
For example: The book is on the table.
o Compound prepositions
Compound prepositions are more than one word. in between and because of are prepositions made up of two words - in front of, on behalf of are prepositions made up of three words.
Compound prepositions are more than one word. in between and because of are prepositions made up of two words - in front of, on behalf of are prepositions made up of three words.
For example: The book is in between War and Peace and The Lord of the Rings.The book is in front of the clock.
The following table contains rules for some of the most frequently used prepositions in English:
Prepositions of Time:
o On = day of the week = 0n Monday
o In = monts/season = in august/in winter
o At = for night = at night
o Since = acertain of time(when) = at half past nine
o Ago = a certain in the past = 2 years ago
Prepositions of Place:
o In = room,building, street, town, contry = in the kichen, in London
o At = meaning next to, by an object = at the door, at the station
o On = for a place with a river = London lies on the Thames.
o By,next to = left or right,of some body = jane is standing by/next to car
o Beside = or something = beside the car
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